Beryllium 4Sb9.012
Beryllium was discovered in 1797 by Nicholas Louis Vauquelin at Paris, France. Isolated in 1828 by F. Wöhler at Berlin, Germany, and independently by A.A.B Bussy at Paris, France
[Greek: beryllos = beryl; Latin: beryllos]
French: béryllium
German: Beryllium
Italian: berillio
Spanish: berilio
Description: Beryllium is a silvery-white, lustrous, relativewly soft metal, which is obtained e.g. by the lectrolysis of fused BeCl2. It is unaffected by air or water, even at red heat. Beryllium is used in alloys with copper and nickel, and imparts excellent elletrical and thermal conductivities. The copper alloy is used to make spark-proof tools.
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, a-Be h.c.p. (a=228.55, c=358.32), P63/mmc, β-Be b.c.c. (a=255.15), Im3m |
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| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 1.50 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 0.298 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
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| Neutron scattering length: |
0.779 b/10-12 cm |
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| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
0.0092 sa / barns |
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| Density: |
1847.7 kg/m-3 [293 K] |
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| Melting point: |
1287 °C / 1551 +/-5 °K |
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| Boiling point: |
2969 °C / 3243 °K (under pressure) |
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| Molar volume: |
4.88 cm3 |
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| Thermal conductivity: |
200 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
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| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
11.5 x 10-6 K-1 |
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| Electrical resistivity: |
4.0 x 10-8 [293 K] Ωm |
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| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-1.3 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3 |
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| Young's modulus: |
318 GPa |
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| Rigidity modulus: |
156 GPa |
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| Bulk modulus: |
110 GPa |
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| Poisson's ratio: |
0.02 GPa |
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| Radi: |
Be2+ 34; atomic 113; covalent 89 |
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| Electronegativity: |
1.95 (Pauling); 1.47 (Allred); 4.9 eV (absolute) |
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| Effective nuclear charge: |
1.95 (Slater); 1.91 (Clementi); 2.27 (Froese-Fischer) |
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| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
6 |
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| Isotope mass range: |
6 -> 11 |
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Biological data
| Biological role: |
None. |
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| Toxicity |
|
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| Toxic intake: |
13 mg kg-1 (rat) |
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| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (acetate, intraperitoneal, rat) = 317 mg Kg-1 |
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| Hazards: |
Beryllium is a deadly poison. It is also carcinogenic for laboratory animals and maybe for humans. Inhalation of beryllium dust causes severe and irreparable lung damage. |
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| Level in humans |
|
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| Blood: |
<1x10-3 mg dm-3 |
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| Bone: |
0.003 ppm |
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| Liver: |
0.0016 ppm |
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| Muscle: |
0.00075 ppm |
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| Daily dietary intake: |
0.01 ppm |
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Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
0.036 mg |
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Geological data
| Minerals: | |
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| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
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| Beryl* |
Be3Al2Si6O18 |
2.8 |
7.5 -8 |
hex., vit. green/blue |
| Bertrandite |
Be2Si2O7(OH)2 |
2.60 |
6 - 7 |
orth., vit./ pearly colourless |
| Chrysoberyl** |
BeAl2O4 |
3.75 |
8.5 |
orth. vit. green, yellow, brown |
| Gadolinite |
Be2FeY2Si2O10 |
4.4 |
6.5 - 7 |
mon., vit./ greasy greenish-black |
| Herderite |
CaBe(PO4)(F,OH) |
3.01 |
5 - 5.5 |
mon. vit. colourless/ pale yellow |
* gem quality = emerald, ** gem quality = Alexandrite, also known as "cat's eyes"
| Chief ores: |
beryl, bertrandite |
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| World production: |
364 tonnes/year |
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| Main mining areas: |
Brazil, USA, Madagascar, Germany, Czech Republic, Russia, India |
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| Reserves: |
400 000 tonnes |
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| Specimen: |
available as lumps or powder. Danger! |
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| Abundances |
|
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| Sun: |
14 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
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| Earth's crust: |
2.6 ppm |
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| Seawater |
|
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| Altantic surface: |
8.8 x 10-8 |
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| Atlantic deep: |
17.5 x 10-8 |
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| Pacific surface: |
3.5 x 10-8 |
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| Pacific deep: |
22 x 10-8 |
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| Residence time: |
4000 years |
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| Classification: |
recycled |
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| Oxidation state: |
II |
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Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
Other sizes and specifications on request
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