Yttrium (Y)

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Yttrium 39Y88.905


Discovered in 1794 by J. Gadolin at Åbo, Finland.

[Named after Ytterby, Sweden]

French: yttrium
German: Yttrium
Italian: ittrio
Spanish: ytrio


Description: Yttrium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is stable in air due to the formation of an oxide film on its surface. It burns if ignited, and is attacked by water and forms hydrogen. Yttrium is used in various ways: to give red colours in TV screens, in X-ray filters, superconductors and for superalloys.

 

 

Yttrium single crystal properties

State: single crystal
Crystal structure: hexagonal
Production method: Floating zone
Standard size: diameter 4mm
thickness 1mm
Orientation: (0001)
Orientation accuracy: <2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1°
Polishing: as cut, one or two sides polished
Roughness of surface: <0.03µm
Purity: 99.95%
Typical analysis (ppm): C 3
H < 1
O 9
N < 5
Cu 1.60
Fe 1.80
Ni < 1
Pb 0.30
Si 0.30

 
Ga, Hf and Ta are below the detection limit
 

Materials properties

Density: 4.47 g/cm3
Melting point: 1521.85 °C / 1795 °K
Boiling point: 3337.85 °C / 3611 °K
Molar volume: 19.89 cm3
Thermal conductivity: 17.2 [300 K] Wm-1K-1
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: 10.6 x 10-6 K-1
Electrical resistivity: 57.0x 10-8 [298 K] Wm
Mass magnetic susceptibility: +2.70 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3
Young's modulus: 66.3 GPa
Rigidity modulus: 25.5 GPa
Bulk modulus: n.a. GPa
Poisson's ratio: 0.265
Radii: Y3+ 106; atomic 181; covalent 162
Electronegativity: 1.22 (Pauling); 1.11 (Allred); 3.19 eV (absolute)
Effective nuclear charge: 3.00 (Slater); 6.26 (Clementi); 8.72 (Froese-Fischer)
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): 32
Issotope mass range: 80 -> 99
Crystal structure, (cell dimentions / pm), space group hexagonal
X-ray diffraction: mass absorption coefficients: CuKα 134 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKα 100 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
Neutron scattering length: 0.775 b/10-12 cm
Thermal neutron capture cross-section: 1.28 sa / barns

 


Biological data

Biological role: none
Toxicity  
Toxic intake: n.a.
Lethal intake: c. 15 g only one case reported)
Hazards: Bismuth is regarded as one of the less toxic heavy metals and it is commonly used as a medicine for stomach upsets. Excess bismuth can cause mild kidney damage
Level in humans  
Blood: 0.016 mg dm-3
Bone: <0.2 p.p.m.
Liver: 0.015 - 0.33 p.p.m.
Muscle: 0.32 p.p.m.
Daily dietary intake: 0.005 - 0.02 mg
Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: < 0.5 mg

 


Geological data

MineralFormulaDensityHardnessCrystal apperance
Bastnäsite-Y (Y, Ce)Co3F 4.0 4 - 4.5 tri. translucent brick-red
Fergusonite YNbO4 5.7 5.5 - 6.5 tet., vitreous, sub-metallic black
Gadolinite Be2FeY2Si2O10 4.4 6.5 - 7 mon., vit./greasy greenish-black
Polycrase-Y Y(Ti, Nb)2(O, OH)6 5.0 5.5 - 6 orth., sub-metallic black
Samarskite AlO(OH) 3.3 - 3.5 6.5 - 7 orth., vit./resinous
Xenotime/TD> YPO4 4.8 4 - 5 tet., vit./resinous yellow-brown

 

Chief ore: xenotime, bastnäsite, fergusonite, samarskite
World production: 400 tonnes/year
Main mining areas: xenitine in USA, bastnäsite in Russia, fergusonite in Norway, Russia, Madagascar
Reserves: c. 9 x 106 tonnes
Specimen: available as chieps, ingots or powder. Safe.

 

Abundances  
Sun: 125 (relative to H = 1 x 1012)
Earth's crust: 30 p.p.m.
Seawater:  
Residence time:  
Classification:  
Oxidation state: III

Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)


Overview of elements with access to our shop

1 18
H
2 13 14 15 16 17
He
Li Be B C
N
O
F
Ne
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S
Cl
Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
Br
Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo
Tc
Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
Po
At
Ra
Fr
Ra
Ac
Ce Pr Nd
Pm
Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu


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