Yttrium (Y)

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Yttrium 39Y88.905

1794 von J. Gadolin in Åbo, Finnland, entdeckt.

[Nach Ytterby, Schweden, benannt]

French: yttrium
English: yttrium
Italian: ittrio
Spanish: ytrio


Beschreibung: Weiches, silberweißes Metall. Luftbeständig, da es durch eine Oxidhaut passiviert is. Verbrennt leicht. Reagiert mit Wasser unter Wasserstoffentwicklung. Verwendung: Rotphosphor für das Farbfernsehen; Supraleiter; magnetische Legierungen. 

 

Yttrium single crystal properties

State: single crystal
Crystal structure: hexagonal
Production method: Floating zone
Standard size: diameter 4mm
thickness 1mm
Orientation: (0001)
Orientation accuracy: <2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1°
Polishing: as cut, one or two sides polished
Roughness of surface: <0.03µm
Purity: 99.95%
Typical analysis (ppm): C 3
H < 1
O 9
N < 5
Cu 1.60
Fe 1.80
Ni < 1
Pb 0.30
Si 0.30

 
Ga, Hf and Ta are below the detection limit
 

Materials properties

Density: 4.47 g/cm3
Melting point: 1521.85 °C / 1795 °K
Boiling point: 3337.85 °C / 3611 °K
Molar volume: 19.89 cm3
Thermal conductivity: 17.2 [300 K] Wm-1K-1
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: 10.6 x 10-6 K-1
Electrical resistivity: 57.0x 10-8 [298 K] Wm
Mass magnetic susceptibility: +2.70 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3
Young's modulus: 66.3 GPa
Rigidity modulus: 25.5 GPa
Bulk modulus: n.a. GPa
Poisson's ratio: 0.265 GPa
Radii: Y3+ 106; atomic 181; covalent 162
Electronegativity: 1.22 (Pauling); 1.11 (Allred); 3.19 eV (absolute)
Effective nuclear charge: 3.00 (Slater); 6.26 (Clementi); 8.72 (Froese-Fischer)
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): 32
Issotope mass range: 80 -> 99
Crystal structure, (cell dimentions / pm), space group hexagonal
X-ray diffraction: mass absorption coefficients: CuKα 134 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKα 100 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
Neutron scattering length: 0.775 b/10-12 cm
Thermal neutron capture cross-section: 1.28 sa / barns

 

Biological data

Biological role: none
Toxicity  
Toxic intake: n.a.
Lethal intake: c. 15 g only one case reported)
Hazards: Bismuth is regarded as one of the less toxic heavy metals and it is commonly used as a medicine for stomach upsets. Excess bismuth can cause mild kidney damage
Level in humans  
Blood: 0.016 mg dm-3
Bone: <0.2 p.p.m.
Liver: 0.015 - 0.33 p.p.m.
Muscle: 0.32 p.p.m.
Daily dietary intake: 0.005 - 0.02 mg
Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: < 0.5 mg

 

Geological data

MineralFormulaDensityHardnessCrystal apperance
Bastnäsite-Y (Y, Ce)Co3F 4.0 4 - 4.5 tri. translucent brick-red
Fergusonite YNbO4 5.7 5.5 - 6.5 tet., vitreous, sub-metallic black
Gadolinite Be2FeY2Si2O10 4.4 6.5 - 7 mon., vit./greasy greenish-black
Polycrase-Y Y(Ti, Nb)2(O, OH)6 5.0 5.5 - 6 orth., sub-metallic black
Samarskite AlO(OH) 3.3 - 3.5 6.5 - 7 orth., vit./resinous
Xenotime/TD> YPO4 4.8 4 - 5 tet., vit./resinous yellow-brown

 

Chief ore: xenotime, bastnäsite, fergusonite, samarskite
World production: 400 tonnes/year
Main mining areas: xenitine in USA, bastnäsite in Russia, fergusonite in Norway, Russia, Madagascar
Reserves: c. 9 x 106 tonnes
Specimen: available as chieps, ingots or powder. Safe.

 

Abundances  
Sun: 125 (relative to H = 1 x 1012)
Earth's crust: 30 p.p.m.
Seawater:  
Residence time:  
Classification:  
Oxidation state: III

Übersicht der Elemente mit Zugang zu unserem Shop

1 18
H
 2 13 14 15 16 17
He
Li Be B C
N
O
F
Ne
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S
Cl
Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
Br
Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo
Tc
 Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
Po
At
Ra
Fr
Ra
Ac
Ce Pr Nd
Pm
 Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu


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