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Titanium (Ti)
We are a leading manufacturer and supplier of research materials
Titanium 22Ti47.90
Titanium was discovered in 1791 by Rev. W. Gregor at Creed, Cornwall, England, and independently in 1795 by M.H. Klaproth at Berlin, Germany.
[Names after the Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology]
French: titane
German: titan
Italian: titanio
Spanish: titanio
Description: Titanium is a hard, lustrous, silvery metal which resists corrosion due to an oxide layer on its surface. However, the powdered metal will burn if ignited. Titanium is unaffected by many acids (exept HF, H3PO4 an concentrated H2SO4), and alkalis. White titanium dioxide is used in paints because of its covering power. The metal itself is used in chemical plants, lightweight alloys, hip replacement joints, etc.
Titanium single crystal properties
| State: | single crystal grains with ~mm size |
|---|---|
| Crystal structure: | hexagonal |
| Production method: | Floating zone |
| Standard size: | diameter 8-10mm thickness 1-2mm |
| Orientation: | (10-10), (1-100) and (11-20) |
| Orientation accuracy: | <2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1° |
| Polishing: | as cut, one or two sides polished |
| Roughness of surface: | <0.03µm |
| Purity: | 99.97% |
| Typical analysis (ppm): | C 3 H < 1 O 9 N < 5 Cu 1.60 Fe 1.80 Ni < 1 Pb 0.30 Si 0.30 Ga, Hf and Ta are below the detection limit |
Materials properties
| Density: | 4.51 g/cm3 |
|---|---|
| Melting point: | 1659.85 °C / 1933 °K |
| Boiling point: | 3286.85 °C / 3560 °K |
| Molar volume: | 10.55 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 21.9 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | 8.35 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: | 42.0x 10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: | +4.01 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: | 120.2 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: | 45.6 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: | 108.4 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: | 0.361 |
| Radii: | Ti4+ 69; Ti2+ 80; atomic 145; covalent 132 |
| Electronegativity: | 1.54 (Pauling); 1.32 (Allred); 3.45 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: | 3.15 (Slater); 4.82 (Clementi); 6.37 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 13 |
| Issotope mass range: | 41 -> 53 |
| Crystal structure, (cell dimentions / pm), space group | hexagonal |
| X-ray diffraction: mass absorption coefficients: | CuKα 208 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKα 24.2 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: | -0.3438 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 6.09 sa / barns |
Biological data
| Biological role: | none |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | |
| Toxic intake: | Low toxicity as metal, oxide (TiO2) and inorganic titanium (IV) salts. |
| Lethal intake: | non-lethal |
| Hazards: | Some titanium compunds are dangerous to handle, such as TiCl3, which is corrosive. Titanium has a stimulatory effect and is a suspected carcinogen. |
| Level in humans | |
| Blood: | 0.054 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: | n.a. |
| Liver: | 1.2 - 4.7 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: | 0.9 - 2.2 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake: | 0.8 mg |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: | 20 mg |
Geological data
| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anatase | b-TiO2 | 3.90 | 5.5 - 6 | tet., adam./brown, green, etc. |
| Brookite | g-TiO2 | 4.14 | 5.5 - 6 | orth., met. adam./brown, black |
| Ilmenite | FeTiO3 | 4.72 | 5 - 6 | rhom., met. black |
| Perovskite | CaTiO2 | 4.01 | 5.5 | orth., adam./met. black |
| Rutile | a-TiO2 | 4.23 | 6 - 6.5 | tet., met. lustre brown/yellowish |
| Titanite | CaTiSiO5 | 3.50 | 5 - 5.5 | mon., adam./res. yellow/brown |
| Chief ore: | ilemnite; sometimes anatase is mined |
|---|---|
| World production: | 99 000 (titanium metal); 3 x 106 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: | Norway, India, Brazil, Canada, USA, Russia |
| Reserves: | 440 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: | available as crystals, foil, granules, powder, rod or wire. Safe. |
| Abundances | |
|---|---|
| Sun: | 1.12 x 105 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: | 5600 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: | |
| Residence time: | |
| Classification: | n.a. |
| Oxidation state: | IV |
Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
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