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Iron (Fe)

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Iron ₂₆Fe^55.847

Known to ancient civilizations.

French: fer
German: Eisen
Italian: ferro
Spanish: hierro

Description: Iron, when absolutely pure, is lustrous, silvery and soft (workable). This is the most important of all the metals and it is used chiefly as steel in which there is carbon (up to 1.7%). Stainless steels are alloys with other metals, mainly nickel. Iron rusts in damp air and dissolves readily in dilute acids. Its uses are legion.

Iron single crystal properties

State:	single crystal
Crystal structure:	bcc
Production method:	Strain annealing
Standard size:	diameter 6-10mm thickness 1-2mm
Orientation:	(100), (110) and (111)
Orientation accuracy:	<2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1°
Polishing:	as cut, one or two sides polished
Roughness of surface:	<0.03µm
Purity:	99.98%
Typical analysis (ppm):	C 3 H < 1 O 9 N < 5 Cu 1.60 Fe 1.80 Ni < 1 Pb 0.30 Si 0.30 Ga, Hf and Ta are below the detection limit

Materials properties

Density:	7.86 g/cm3
Melting point:	1534.85 °C / 1808 °K
Boiling point:	2749.85 °C / 3023 °K
Molar volume:	7.09 cm3
Thermal conductivity:	80.2 [300 K] Wm-1K-1
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion:	12.3 x 10-6 K-1
Electrical resistivity:	9.71x 10-8 [293 K] Wm
Mass magnetic susceptibility:	ferromagnetic
Young's modulus:	152.3 GPa (cast); 208 GPa (steel)
Rigidity modulus:	60.0 GPa (cast); 81 GPa (steel)
Bulk modulus:	109.5 GPa (cast); 160 GPa (steel)
Poisson's ratio:	0.27 (cast); 0.27 (steel)
Radii:	Fe3+ 67; Fe2+ 82; atomic 124; covalent 116; van de
Electronegativity:	1.83 (Pauling); 1.64 (Allred); 4.06 eV (absolute)
Effective nuclear charge:	3.75 (Slater); 5.43 (Clementi); 7.40 (Froese-Fischer)
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers):	16
Issotope mass range:	49 -> 63
Crystal structure, (cell dimentions / pm), space group	bcc
X-ray diffraction: mass absorption coefficients:	CuKα 308 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKα 38.5 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
Neutron scattering length:	0.954 b/10-12 cm
Thermal neutron capture cross-section:	2.56 sa / barns

Biological data

Biological role:	Essential to all species
Toxicity
Toxic intake:	200 mg, Iron (II) compounds are more toxic than iron (III)
Lethal intake:	7 - 35 g
Hazards:	Iron dust poses a moderate fir or explosion hazad: chronic exposure causes iron pneumoconiosis (welder lung). Iron deficiency leads to anaemia, but excess iron in the body causes liver and kidney dama
Level in humans
Blood:	447 mg dm-3
Bone:	3 - 380 p.p.m.
Liver:	250 - 1400 p.p.m.
Muscle:	180 p.p.m.
Daily dietary intake:	6 - 40 mg
Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person:	4.2 mg

Geological data

Mineral	Formula	Density	Hardness	Crystal apperance
Goethite	a-FeO(OH)	4.28	5 - 5.5	orth., met. earthy brown
Hematite	Fe2O3	5.26	5 - 6	rhom., met. earth grey
Lepidocrocite	g-FeO(OH)	4.09	5	orth., met. reddish-brown
Magnetite	Fe3O4	5.175	5.5 - 6.5	cub., met. black
Siderite	FeCO3	3.96	4	rhom., vit. yellow-brown

Chief ore:	hematite, magnetite, goethite, lepididocrocite, siderite
World production:	7.16 x 108 tonnes/year
Main mining areas:	USA, Canada, Sweden, South Africa, Russia, India, Japan
Reserves:	1.1 x 1011 tonnes
Specimen:	available as chips, filings, foil, granules, and wire. Safe.