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Cobalt (Co)

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Cobalt ₂₇Co^58.933

Discovered in 1735 by Georg Brandt at Stockholm, Sweden.

[German: kobald = goblin]
  French: cobalt
  German: Cobalt
  Italian: cobalto
  Spanish: cobalto

Description: Cobalt is a lustrous, silvery-blue, hard metal which is also ferromagnetic. It is stable in air, unaffected by water, but slowly attacked by dilute acids. 60Co is a useful radioisotope. Cobalt is used in alloys for magnets, in ceramics, in catalysts and in paints.

Cobalt single crystal properties

State:	Single crystal
Crystal structure:	hexagonal
Production method:	Czochralski
Standard size:	diameter 8-10mm thickness 1-2mm
Orientation:	(0001), (1-100) and (11-20)
Orientation accuracy:	<2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1°
Polishing:	as cut, one or two sides polished
Roughness of surface:	<0.03 µm
Purity:	99.99%

Typical analysis (ppm):	Ag 0.3 Al 0.42 As 2.2 C 5.5 Ca 0.08 Cl 0.27 Cu 0.46 Cr 5.9 Fe 17 Mg 0.76 Mn 0.07 Mo < 0.1 N 0.24 Na 0.44 Ni 22 O 11.0 S 1.3 Si 2.9 Ti 1.1 Zn 0.2 Co balance

Further Materials properties

Crystal structure:	(cell dimensions/pm), space group, a-Co f.c.c. (a=354.41), Fm3m e-Co h.c.p. (a=250.7, c=406.9), P63/mmc (a -> e)=690 K
X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients:	CuKa 313 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 42.5 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
Neutron scattering length:	0.278 b/10-12 cm
Thermal neutron capture cross-section:	37.2 sa / barns
Density:	8.9 kg/m-3 [293 K]; 2390 [liquid at m.p.]
Melting point:	1494.85 °C / 1768 °K
Boiling point:	2869.85 °C / 3143 °K
Molar volume:	6.62 cm3
Thermal conductivity:	100 [300 K] Wm-1K-1
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion:	13.36 x 10-6 K-1
Electrical resistivity:	6.24x10-8 [293 K] Wm
Mass magnetic susceptibility:	ferromagnetic
Young's modulus:	211 GPa
Rigidity modulus:	82 GPa
Bulk modulus:	181.5 GPa
Poisson's ratio:	0.32
Radi:	Co3+ 57; Co2+ 82; atomic 125; covalent 116
Electronegativity:	1.88 (Pauling); 1.70 (Allred); 4.3 eV (absolute)
Effective nuclear charge:	3.90 (Slater); 5.58 (Clementi); 7.63 (Froese-Fischer)
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers):	17
Isotope mass range:	35 -> 64

Biological data

Biological role:	Essential to most species, including humans.
Toxicity
Toxic intake:	500 g
Lethal intake:	LD50 (chloride, oral, rat) = 80 mg kg-1
Hazards:	For humans, cobalt compunds generally have low toxicity by ingestion, but produce vomiting. Cobalt is a suspected carcinogen.
Level in humans
Blood:	0.0002 - 0.04 mg dm-3
Bone:	0.01 - 0.04 ppm
Liver:	0.06 - 1.1 ppm
Muscle:	0.028 - 0.65 ppm
Daily dietary intake:	0.005 - 1.8 mg
Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person:	3 mg

Geological data

Minerals:	Many minerals are known, and aluminium is present in many other minerals
Mineral	Formula	Density	Hardness	Crystal apperance
Cobaltite	CoAsS	6.33	5.5	orth., met. steel grey
Erythrite	CO3(AsO4)2.8H2O	3.09	1.5 - 2.5	mon., adam./pearly crimson red
Glaucodot	(Co, Fe) AsS	6.04	5	orth., met. white
Linnaeite	Co3S4	4.6	4.5 - 5.5	cub., met. grey/white in reflected light
Skutterudite	CoAs3	6.5	5.5 - 6	cub., met. white/grey

Chief ore:	cobaltite, skutterudite
World production:	17000 tonnes/year
Main mining areas:	Zaire, Morocco, Sweden, Canada
Reserves:	n.a.
Specimen:	available as foil, pieces, powder, rod and wire. CARE !

Abundances
Sun:	7.94 x 104 (relative to H = 1 x 1012)
Earth's crust:	20 ppm
Seawater:
Atlantic surface:	n.a.
Atlantic deep:	n.a.
Pacific surface:	6.9 x 10-6 ppm
Pacific deep:	1.1 x 10-6 ppm
Residence time:	40 years
Classification:	scavenged
Oxidation state:	II