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Samarium (Sm)
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Samarium 62Sm150.36
Discovered in 1879 by P.-E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran at Paris, France.
[Named after the mineral samarskit]
French: samarium
German: Samarium
Italian: samario
Spanish: samario
Description: Samarium is a silvery-white metal of the so-called rare earth group (more correctly termed the lanthanoides). It is relatively stable in dry air, but in moist air an oxide coating forms. Samarium is used in permanent magnets, organic reagents, special glass, catalysts, cermics and elctronics.
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, |
|---|---|
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: | CuKa 397 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 58.6 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: | 0.080 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 5922 sa / barns |
| Density: | 7520 kg/m-3 [293 K] |
| Melting point: | 1076.85°C / 1350°K |
| Boiling point: | 1790.85°C / 2064°K |
| Molar volume: | 20.00 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 13.3 [300 K] W m-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | 10.4 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: | 94.0 x 10-8 [298 K] Ωm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: | +1.52 x 10-7(s) kg-1m3 |
| Radi: | Sm3+ 100; Sm2+ 111; atomic 180; covalent 166 |
| Electronegativity: | 1.17 (Pauling); 1.07 (Allred); ≤ 3.1 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: | 2.85 (Slater); 8.01 (Clementi); 11.06 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 24 |
| Isotope mass range: | 138-> 158 |
Biological data
| Biological role: | None, but acts to stimulate metabolism. |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | |
| Toxic intake: | n.a. |
| Lethal intake: | LD50 (nitrate, oral, rat) = 2900 mg Kg-1 |
| Hazards: | Samarium is mildly toxic by ingestion, and is a skin and eye iritant. |
| Level in humans | |
| Blood: | 0.008 mg dm-3 |
| Organs: | n.a., but very low |
| Daily dietary intake: | n.a. |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
c. 0.05 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
| Monazite-La | (La, Ce, Nd, Th, etc.)PO4 | 5.20 | 5 - 5.5 | mon., waxy/vit. yellow-brown |
* Although not a major constituent, samarium is present in extractable amounts.
| Chief ores: | monazite |
|---|---|
| World production: | c. 700 tonnes/year |
| Producing areas: | USA, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, Australia |
| Reserves: | c. 2 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: | available as chips or ingots. Safe. |
| Abundances | |
|---|---|
| Sun: | 5.2 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: | 7.9 ppm |
| Seawater | |
| Atlantic surface: | 4.0 x 10-7 ppm |
| Atlantic deep: | 6.4 x 10-7 ppm |
| Pacific surface: | 4.0 x 10-7 ppm |
| Pacific deep: | 10 x 10-7 ppm |
| Residence time: | 200 years |
| Classification: | recycled |
| Oxidation state: | III |
Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
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