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Phosphorus (P)
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Phosphor 15P30.973
Discovered 1669 by Henning Brandt at Hamburg, Germany.
[Greek, phosphoros = bringer of light]
French: phosphore
German: Phosphor
Italian: fosforo
Spanish: fósforo
Description: White phosphourus (P4) is soft and flammable, white phosphorous is powdery and usually non-flammable. Neither form reacts with water or dilute acids, but alkalis react to form phosphine gas. Phosphorous compounds are used in fertilizers, insecticides, metal treatment, detergents, foods. etc.
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, |
|---|---|
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: | CuKa 74.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 7.89 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: | 0.513 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 0.172 sa / barns |
| Density: | 1820 (P4); 2200 (red); 2690 (black) kg/m-3 [293 K] |
| Melting point: | 44.15°C (P4); 409.85°C (red) under pressure /317.3°K (P4); 683°K (red) under pres. |
| Boiling point: | 279.85°C / 553°K |
| Molar volume: | 17.02 (P4) cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 0.235 (P4); 12.1 (black) [300 K] W m-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | 124.5 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: | 1 x 10-9 [293 K] Ωm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: | -1.1 x 10-8 (P4); -8.4 x 10-9 (red) (s) kg-1m3 |
| Radi: | P3- 212; atomic 115 (red) 93 (white); covalent single bond 110; van der waals 190 |
| Electronegativity: | 2.19 (Pauling); 2.06 (Allred); 5.62 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: | 4.80 (Slater); 4.89 (Clementi); 5.25 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 10 |
| Isotope mass range: | 26 -> 36 |
Biological data
| Biological role: | Phosphorus is a constituent of DNA, ATP and many other biochemical molecules. The phosphate cycle in nature is very important and this nutrient is often the limiting factor, e.g. in the oceans. |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | |
| Toxic intake: | (white P, oral, rat) = 11 µg kg-1 |
| Lethal intake: | (white P, oral, human) = 100 mg |
| Hazards: | White phosphorous is much more toxic than red phosphorous. Chronic poisoning of those working unprotected with the former leads to necrosis of the jaw (phossy-jaw). |
| Level in humans | |
| Blood: | 345 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: | 67 000 - 71 000 ppm |
| Liver: | 3 - 8.5 ppm |
| Muscle: | 3000 - 8500 ppm |
| Daily dietary intake: | 900 - 1900 mg |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
780 g |
Geological data
| Minerals: | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
| Apatite* | Ca5(PO4)3(F,OH) | 3.2 | 5 | hex., vit. var. colours (esp. yellow) |
| Phosphophyllite | Zn2(Fe,Mn)(PO4)2.4H2O | 3.109 | 3 - 3.5 | mon., vit. colourless/blue green |
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8.5H2O | 2.84 | 5 - 6 | tric. vit. blue/blue-green |
| Vivianite | Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O | 2.68 | 1.5 - 2 | mon., vit./ earthy deep blue |
* The fluoride form is also known as fluoroapatite.
| Chief ores: | aoatite/ fluoroapatite, of which there are vast deposits; turquoise (ornamental stone) |
|---|---|
| World production: | 153 x 106 tonnes/year |
| Producing areas: | Russia, USA, Morocco, Tunisia, Togu, Nauru |
| Reserves: | 5.7 x 109 tonnes |
| Specimen: | available as white phosphorous sticks (Danger!) and red phosphorous lumps or powder (Care!) |
| Abundances | |
|---|---|
| Sun: | 3.16 x 105 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: | 1000 ppm |
| Seawater | |
| Atlantic surface: | 0.0015 ppm |
| Atlantic deep: | 0.042 ppm |
| Pacific surface: | 0.0015 ppm |
| Pacific deep: | 0.084 ppm |
| Residence time: | 100 000 years |
| Classification: | recycled |
| Oxidation state: | V |
Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
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