Phosphor (P)

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Phosphor 15P30.973


1669 von Henning Brandt in Hamburg, Deutschland, entdeckt.

[Griechisch, phosphoros = Lichtträger]

French: phosphore
English: phosphorus
Italian: fosforo
Spanish: fósforo


Beschreibung: Weißer Phosphor (P4) ist weich und selbstentzündlich, roter Phosphor ist pulverförmig und gewöhnlich nicht entzündbar. Beide reagieren nicht mit Wasser und verdünnten Säuren, aber mit Laugen unter Bildung von gasförmigem Phosphan. Verwendung: Düngemittel, Insektizide, Detergentien, Legierungen.

  


Further Materials properties

 

Crystal structure:

(cell dimensions/pm), space group, 
α-P4 white, cubic (a=1851), I-43m
β-Pwhite, rhombohedral (a=337.7; c=880.6) R3m [high pressure form]
γ-Pwhite, cubic (a=237.7), Pm3m [high pressure form]
Red, cubic (a=1131), Pm3m or P-43
Hittorf's phosphorus (purple), monoclinic (a=921, b=915, c=2260, β=106.1°), P2/c
Black, orthorhombic (a=331.36, b=1047.8, c=437.63), Cmca

X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: CuKa 74.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 7.89 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
Neutron scattering length: 0.513 b/10-12 cm
Thermal neutron capture cross-section: 0.172 sa / barns
Density: 1820 (P4); 2200 (red); 2690 (black) kg/m-3 [293 K]
Melting point: 44.15°C (P4); 409.85°C (red) under pressure /317.3°K (P4); 683°K (red) under pres.
Boiling point: 279.85°C / 553°K
Molar volume: 17.02 (P4) cm3
Thermal conductivity: 0.235 (P4); 12.1 (black) [300 K] W m-1K-1
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: 124.5 x 10-6 K-1
Electrical resistivity: 1 x 10-9 [293 K] Ωm
Mass magnetic susceptibility: -1.1 x 10-8 (P4); -8.4 x 10-9 (red) (s) kg-1m3
Radi: P3- 212; atomic 115 (red) 93 (white); covalent single bond 110; van der waals 190
Electronegativity: 2.19 (Pauling); 2.06 (Allred); 5.62 eV (absolute)
Effective nuclear charge: 4.80 (Slater); 4.89 (Clementi); 5.25 (Froese-Fischer)
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): 10
Isotope mass range: 26 -> 36

 

 


Biological data

 

Biological role: Phosphorus is a constituent of DNA, ATP and many other biochemical molecules. The phosphate cycle in nature is very important and this nutrient is often the limiting factor, e.g. in the oceans.
Toxicity
Toxic intake: (white P, oral, rat) = 11 µg kg-1
Lethal intake: (white P, oral, human) = 100 mg
Hazards: White phosphorous is much more toxic than red phosphorous. Chronic poisoning of those working unprotected with the former leads to necrosis of the jaw (phossy-jaw).
Level in humans
Blood: 345 mg dm-3
Bone: 67 000 - 71 000 ppm
Liver: 3 - 8.5 ppm
Muscle: 3000 - 8500 ppm
Daily dietary intake: 900 - 1900 mg 
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person:
780 g

 

Geological data

 

Minerals:
MineralFormulaDensityHardnessCrystal apperance
Apatite*  Ca5(PO4)3(F,OH) 3.2 5  hex., vit. var. colours (esp. yellow)
Phosphophyllite  Zn2(Fe,Mn)(PO4)2.4H2O 3.109 3 - 3.5  mon., vit. colourless/blue green
Turquoise  CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8.5H2O 2.84 5 - 6  tric. vit. blue/blue-green
Vivianite  Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O 2.68 1.5 - 2  mon., vit./ earthy deep blue

* The fluoride form is also known as fluoroapatite.

Chief ores: aoatite/ fluoroapatite, of which there are vast deposits; turquoise (ornamental stone)
World production: 153 x 106 tonnes/year
Producing areas: Russia, USA, Morocco, Tunisia, Togu, Nauru
Reserves: 5.7 x 109 tonnes
Specimen: available as white phosphorous sticks (Danger!) and red phosphorous lumps or powder (Care!)

 

Abundances  
Sun: 3.16 x 105 (relative to H = 1 x 1012)
Earth's crust: 1000 ppm
Seawater
Atlantic surface: 0.0015 ppm
Atlantic deep: 0.042  ppm
Pacific surface: 0.0015  ppm
Pacific deep: 0.084  ppm
Residence time: 100 000 years
Classification: recycled
Oxidation state: V

  Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)

Other sizes and specifications on request


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