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[Griechisch, phosphoros = Lichtträger]
French: phosphore
English: phosphorus
Italian: fosforo
Spanish: fósforo
Beschreibung: Weißer Phosphor (P4) ist weich und selbstentzündlich, roter Phosphor ist pulverförmig und gewöhnlich nicht entzündbar. Beide reagieren nicht mit Wasser und verdünnten Säuren, aber mit Laugen unter Bildung von gasförmigem Phosphan. Verwendung: Düngemittel, Insektizide, Detergentien, Legierungen.
Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, |
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X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: | CuKa 74.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 7.89 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
Neutron scattering length: | 0.513 b/10-12 cm |
Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 0.172 sa / barns |
Density: | 1820 (P4); 2200 (red); 2690 (black) kg/m-3 [293 K] |
Melting point: | 44.15°C (P4); 409.85°C (red) under pressure /317.3°K (P4); 683°K (red) under pres. |
Boiling point: | 279.85°C / 553°K |
Molar volume: | 17.02 (P4) cm3 |
Thermal conductivity: | 0.235 (P4); 12.1 (black) [300 K] W m-1K-1 |
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | 124.5 x 10-6 K-1 |
Electrical resistivity: | 1 x 10-9 [293 K] Ωm |
Mass magnetic susceptibility: | -1.1 x 10-8 (P4); -8.4 x 10-9 (red) (s) kg-1m3 |
Radi: | P3- 212; atomic 115 (red) 93 (white); covalent single bond 110; van der waals 190 |
Electronegativity: | 2.19 (Pauling); 2.06 (Allred); 5.62 eV (absolute) |
Effective nuclear charge: | 4.80 (Slater); 4.89 (Clementi); 5.25 (Froese-Fischer) |
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 10 |
Isotope mass range: | 26 -> 36 |
Biological role: | Phosphorus is a constituent of DNA, ATP and many other biochemical molecules. The phosphate cycle in nature is very important and this nutrient is often the limiting factor, e.g. in the oceans. |
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Toxicity | |
Toxic intake: | (white P, oral, rat) = 11 µg kg-1 |
Lethal intake: | (white P, oral, human) = 100 mg |
Hazards: | White phosphorous is much more toxic than red phosphorous. Chronic poisoning of those working unprotected with the former leads to necrosis of the jaw (phossy-jaw). |
Level in humans | |
Blood: | 345 mg dm-3 |
Bone: | 67 000 - 71 000 ppm |
Liver: | 3 - 8.5 ppm |
Muscle: | 3000 - 8500 ppm |
Daily dietary intake: | 900 - 1900 mg |
Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
780 g |
Minerals: | ||||
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Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
Apatite* | Ca5(PO4)3(F,OH) | 3.2 | 5 | hex., vit. var. colours (esp. yellow) |
Phosphophyllite | Zn2(Fe,Mn)(PO4)2.4H2O | 3.109 | 3 - 3.5 | mon., vit. colourless/blue green |
Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8.5H2O | 2.84 | 5 - 6 | tric. vit. blue/blue-green |
Vivianite | Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O | 2.68 | 1.5 - 2 | mon., vit./ earthy deep blue |
* The fluoride form is also known as fluoroapatite.
Chief ores: | aoatite/ fluoroapatite, of which there are vast deposits; turquoise (ornamental stone) |
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World production: | 153 x 106 tonnes/year |
Producing areas: | Russia, USA, Morocco, Tunisia, Togu, Nauru |
Reserves: | 5.7 x 109 tonnes |
Specimen: | available as white phosphorous sticks (Danger!) and red phosphorous lumps or powder (Care!) |
Abundances | |
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Sun: | 3.16 x 105 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
Earth's crust: | 1000 ppm |
Seawater | |
Atlantic surface: | 0.0015 ppm |
Atlantic deep: | 0.042 ppm |
Pacific surface: | 0.0015 ppm |
Pacific deep: | 0.084 ppm |
Residence time: | 100 000 years |
Classification: | recycled |
Oxidation state: | V |
Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
Other sizes and specifications on request