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Manganese (Mn)
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Manganese 25Mn54.938
Isolated in 1774 by J.G. Grahn at Stockholm, Sweden.
[Latin, magnes = magnet]
French: manganése
German: Mangan
Italian: manganese
Spanish: manganeso
Description: Manganese is a hard, brittle, silvery metal. It is reactive when pure, burns in oxygen, reacts with water and dissolves in dilute acids. It is used in steel production and to make ceramics. Its compounds are used as feed supplements and fertilizer additives.
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, |
|---|---|
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: | CuKa 285 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 34.7 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: | -0.373 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 13.3 sa / barns |
| Density: | 7440 (α) kg/m-3 [293 K]; 6430 [liquid at m.p.] |
| Melting point: | 1243.85°C / 1517°K |
| Boiling point: | 1961.85°C / 2235°K |
| Molar volume: | 7.38 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 7.82 [300 K] W m-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | 22 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: | 185.0 x 10-8 [298 K] Ωm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: | +1.21 x 10-7(s) kg-1m3 |
| Radi: | Mn4+ 52; Mn3+ 70; Mn2+ 91; atomic 124; covalent 117 |
| Electronegativity: | 1.55 (Pauling); 1.60 (Allred); 3.72 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: | 3.60 (Slater); 5.23 (Clementi); 7.17 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 15 |
| Isotope mass range: | 49-> 62 |
Biological data
| Biological role: | Essential to all species. |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | |
| Toxic intake: | slightly toxic by ingestion |
| Lethal intake: | LD50 (chloride, oral, mouse) = 1715 mg Kg-1 |
| Hazards: | Few poisonings have been caused by ingesting manganese compounds, but exposure to dust or fumes is a health hazard and working conditions should not exceed 5mg m-3 even for short periods. Its compounds are experimentalcarcinogens and teratogens. |
| Level in humans | n.a. but very low |
| Blood: | 0.0016 - 0.075 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: | 0.2 - 100 ppm |
| Liver: | 3.6 - 9.6 ppm |
| Muscle: | 0.2 - 2.3 ppm |
| Daily dietary intake: | 0.4 - 10 mg |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
12 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: | Many manganese minerals are known. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
| Bixbyite | (Mn,Fe)2O3 | 4.975 | 6 - 6.5 | cub. met. black |
| Manganite | γ-MnO(OH) | 4.33 | 4 | mon., met. greay-black |
| Pyrolusite | β-MnO2 | 5.06 | 2 - 6 | tet., met. grey-black |
| Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 | 3.4 - 3.6 | 3.5 - 4 | rhom., vit. pink |
| Rhodonite* | (Mn,Fe,Mg)SiO3 | 3.6 | 5.5 - 6.5 | tric., vit. rose-pink |
| Romanechite | BaMn9O16(OH)4 | 3.7 - 4.7 | 5 - 6 | mon., met. black, fern-like |
* used in jewelry
| Chief ores: | pyrolusite, romanechite (also known as psilomelane), manganite (useful but rare) |
|---|---|
| World production: | 6.22 x 106 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: | South Africa, Russia, Gabon, Australia, Brazil |
| Reserves: | 3.6 x 109 tonnes (plus ocean floor nodules which are 24% Mn) |
| Specimen: | available as chips, flake or powder. Safe. |
| Abundances | |
|---|---|
| Sun: | 2.63 x 105 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: | 950 ppm |
| Seawater | |
| Atlantic surface: | 1.0 x 10-4 ppm |
| Atlantic deep: | 0.96 x 10-4 ppm |
| Pacific surface: | 1.0 x 10-4 ppm |
| Pacific deep: | 0.4 x 10-4 ppm |
| Residence time: | 50 years |
| Classification: | scavenged |
| Oxidation state: | II |
Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
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