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Cerium (Ce)
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Cerium 58Ce140.115
Cerium was discovered in 1803 by J.J. Berzelius and W. Hisinger at Vestmanland, Sweden. First isolated by W.F. Hillebrand and T.H. Norton 1875 at Washington, DC, USA.
[Named after ther asteroid Ceres discovered in 1801]
French: cérium
German: Cer
Italian: cerio
Spanish: cerio
Description: Cerium is a reactive, grey metal and is the most abundant of the so-called rare earth metals (more correctly termed the lanthanides). It tarnishes in air, burns easily if ignited, reacts rapidly with water, and dissolves in acids. Cerium is used in glass, flints, ceramics and alloys.
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, |
|---|---|
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: | CuKa 352 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 48.2 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: | 0.484 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 0.6 sa / barns |
| Density: | 8240 (a); 6749 (β); 6773 (γ); 6700 (δ) kg/m-3 [293 K] |
| Melting point: | 798,85°C / 1072 °K |
| Boiling point: | 3425,85°C / 3699 °K |
| Molar volume: | 17.00 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 11.4 [300 K] W m-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | 8.5 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: | 73 x 10-8 [273 K] Ωm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: | +2.17 x 10-7(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: | 33.5 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: | 13.5 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: | n.a. |
| Poisson's ratio: | 0.248 GPa |
| Radi: | Ce4+ 94;Ce3+ 107; atomic 182.5; covalent 165 |
| Electronegativity: | 1.12 (Pauling); 1.06 (Allred); ≤3.0 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: | 2.85 (Slater); 10.80 (Clementi); 10.57 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 28 |
| Isotope mass range: | 129 -> 151 |
Biological data
| Biological role: | None, but acts to stimulate metabolism. |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | |
| Toxic intake: | n.a. |
| Lethal intake: | LD50 (chloride, oral, mouse) = 2100 mg Kg-1 |
| Hazards: | Cerium is mildly toxic by ingestion, but insoluble salts, such as the oxalate, are non-toxic and doses of up to 500 mg were once prescribed to prevent travel sickness and morning sickness. |
| Level in humans | |
| Blood: | < 0.002 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: | 2.7 ppm |
| Liver: | 0.29 ppm |
| Muscle: | n.a. |
| Daily dietary intake: | n.a. but very low |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
40 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
| Bastnäsite-Ce* | (Ce, La, etc.) CO3F | 4.9 | 4 - 4.5 | hex., vit/ greasy yellow |
| Monazite-Ce* | (Ce, La, Nd, Th, etc.)PO4 | 5.20 | 5 - 5.5 | mon., waxy/ vit. yellow-brown |
* Varieties of these minerals that are particularly rich in cerium
| Chief ores: | monazite, bastnäsite. Perovskite (Ti mineral) can also be rich in cerium |
|---|---|
| World production: | 24 000 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: | USA, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, China |
| Reserves: | c. 15 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: | available as chips, ingots or powder. Safer. |
| Abundances | |
|---|---|
| Sun: | 35.5 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: | 68 ppm |
| Seawater | |
| Altantic surface: | 9.0 x 10-6 ppm |
| Atlantic deep: | 2.6 x 10-6 ppm |
| Pacific surface: | 1.5 x 10-6 ppm |
| Pacific deep: | 0.5 x 10-6 ppm |
| Residence time: | 100 years |
| Classification: | scavenged |
| Oxidation state: | III |
Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
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