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Tungsten (W)
We are a leading manufacturer and supplier of research materials
Tungsten 74W183.85
Discovered in 1783 by J.J. and F. Elhuijar at Vergara, Spain.
[Swedish, tung sten = heavy stone; wolfram is named after wolframite]
French: tungstène
German: Wolfram
Italian: wolframio (tungsteno)
Spanish: wolframio
Description: Tungsten is generally obtained as a dull grey powder, which is difficult to melt. The bulk metal is lustrous an silvery-white, and resists attack by oxygen, acids and alkalis. Tungsten is used in alloys, to which it imparts great stength, in light bulb filaments and cutting tools.
Tungsten single crystal properties
| State: | single crystal |
|---|---|
| Crystal structure: | bcc |
| Production method: | Floating zone |
| Standard size: | diameter 8-12mm thickness 1-2mm |
| Orientation: | (100), (110) and (111) |
| Orientation accuracy: | <2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1° |
| Polishing: | as cut, one or two sides polished |
| Roughness of surface: | <0.03µm |
| Purity: | 99.999% |
| Typical analysis (ppm): | C 3 H < 1 O 9 N < 5 Cu 1.60 Fe 1.80 Ni < 1 Pb 0.30 Si 0.30 Ga, Hf and Ta are below the detection limit |
Materials properties
| Density: | 19.3 g/cm3 |
|---|---|
| Melting point: | 3406.85±20 °C / 3680±20 °K |
| Boiling point: | 5656.85 °C / 5930 °K |
| Molar volume: | 9.53 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 174 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | 4.59 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: | 5.65x 10-8 [300 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: | +4.0 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: | 411 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: | 160.6 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: | 311 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: | 0.28 |
| Radii: | W6+ 62; W4+ 68; atomic 137; covalent 130 |
| Electronegativity: | 2.36 (Pauling); 1.40 (Allred); 4.40 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: | 4.35 (Slater); 9.85 (Clementi); 14.22 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 29 |
| Issotope mass range: | 160 -> 190 |
| Crystal structure, (cell dimentions / pm), space group | bcc |
| X-ray diffraction: mass absorption coefficients: | CuKα 172 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKα 99.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: | 0.486 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 18.3 sa / barns |
Biological data
| Biological role: | none |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | |
| Toxic intake: | mildly toxic |
| Lethal intake: | LD50 (metal, rat) = 2000 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: | Tungsten dust is a skin and eye irritant and an experimental teratogen. |
| Level in humans | |
| Blood: | 0.001 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: | 0.00025 p.p.m. |
| Liver: | n.a. |
| Muscle: | n.a. |
| Daily dietary intake: | 0.001 - 0.015 mg |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: | c. 0.02 mg |
Geological data
| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ferberite | FeWO4 | 7.40 | 4 - 4.5 | mon., met. black |
| Scheelite | CaWO4 | 6.10 | 4.5 5 | tet., vit./adam. colourless |
| Wolframite | (Fe, Mn) WO4 | 7.3 | 4 - 4.5 | mon., sub-met./adam. greyish-black |
| Chief ore: | scheelite and wolframite |
|---|---|
| World production: | 45 100 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: | China, Malaysia, Burma, Bolivia, Canada, Australia, Japan, USA |
| Reserves: | 1.5 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: | available as foil, powder, rod or wire. Safe. |
| Abundances | |
|---|---|
| Sun: | 50 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: | 1 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: | |
| Residence time: | |
| Classification: | |
| Oxidation state: | VI |
Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
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