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Gold (Au)

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Gold ₇₉Au^196.967

Known to ancient civilizations.

[Anglo-Saxon: gold; Latin: aurum]
  French: or
  German: gold
  Italian: aro
  Spanish: aro

Description: Gold is a soft metal with a characteristic shiny yellow colour. It has the highest malleability and ducility of any element, and can be beaten into a film only microns thick. Gold is unaffected by air, water, acids (exept aqua regia, HNO3-HCl) and alkalis. It is used as bullion, in jewellery, electronics and glass, to colour it and as a heat reflector.

Gold single crystal properties

State:	Single crystal
Crystal structure:	fcc
Production method:	Czochralski
Standard size:	diameter 10-20mm thickness 1-2mm
Orientation:	(100), (110) and (111)
Orientation accuracy:	<2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1°
Polishing:	as cut, one or two sides polished
Roughness of surface:	<0.03 µm
Purity:	99.999%

Typical analysis (ppm):	Ag 4.20 Al 0.20 Ca 0.30 Cd < 0.1 Cl 0.16 Co 0.03 Cu 1.30 Fe 0.73 K 0.40 Mg 0.02 Mn 0.04 Mo 0.06 Na 0.10 Ni 0.05 Pd 0.25 Rh 0.10 S 0.13 Si 0.51 Ti 0.01 V 0.02 Zn 0.05 Au balance

Further Materials properties

Crystal structure:	(cell dimensions/pm), space group, f.c.c. (a=407.833), Fm3m
X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients:	CuKa 208 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 115 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
Neutron scattering length:	0.763 b/10-12 cm
Thermal neutron capture cross-section:	98.7 sa / barns
Density:	19.3 kg/m-3
Melting point:	1064.43 °C / 1337.58 °K
Boiling point:	2806.85 °C / 3080 °K
Molar volume:	10.19 cm3
Thermal conductivity:	317[300 K] Wm-1K-1
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion:	14.16 x 10-6 K-1
Electrical resistivity:	2.35 x 10-8 [293 K] Wm
Mass magnetic susceptibility:	-1.78 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3
Young's modulus:	78.5 GPa
Rigidity modulus:	26.0 GPa
Bulk modulus:	171 GPa
Poisson's ratio:	0.42
Radi:	Au3+ 91; Au+ 137; atomic 144; covalent 134
Electronegativity:	2.54 (Pauling); 1.42 (Allred); 5.77 eV (absolute)
Effective nuclear charge:	4.20 (Slater); 10.94 (Clementi); 15.94 (Froese-Fischer)
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers):	39
Isotope mass range:	176-> 204

Biological data

Biological role:	none, but acts to stimulate metabolism
Toxicity
Toxic intake:	gold metal and gold salts generally have low toxicity
Lethal intake:	n.a.
Hazards:	Gold is poorly absorbed by the body and poisoning by gold compounds is very rare. Gold-based anti-arthritics can cause liver damage and kidney damage.
Level in humans
Blood:	(0.1 - 4.2) mg dm-4
Bone:	0.016 ppm
Liver:	0.0004 ppm
Muscle:	n.a.
Daily dietary intake:	n.a., but very low
Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person:	0.2 mg

Geological data

Minerals:	Many minerals are known, and aluminium is present in many other minerals
Mineral	Formula	Density	Hardness	Crystal apperance
Gold	Au	19.3	2.5 - 3	cub., met. white
Sylvanite	AgAuTe4	8.16	1.5 - 2	hex., met. white

Chief ore:	quartz veins in extrusive rocks
World production:	1400 tonnes/year
Main mining areas:	South Africa, USA, Canada, Russia
Reserves:	15000 tonnes
Specimen:	available as foil, powder, rod and shot.