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Copper (Cu)
We are a leading manufacturer and supplier of research materials
Copper 29Cu63.54
Known to ancient civilizations.
[Latin: cuprum = cyprus]
French: cuivre
German: kupfer
Italian: rame
Spanish: cobre
Description: Copper is a reddish metal, malleable and ductile, with high electrical conductivity, making it ideal for electrical wiring, probably its most important commercial use. Copper is resistant to air and water, and is used as roofing material for public buildings, where it slowly weathers to an attractive green surface patina of copper carbonate. Historically copper has been important as one of the first worked metals, especially as the alloy bronze. It is still used in coins.
Copper single crystal properties
| State: | Single crystal |
|---|---|
| Crystal structure: | fcc |
| Production method: | Czochralski |
| Standard size: | diameter 10-60mm thickness 1-2mm |
| Orientation: | (100), (110) and (111) |
| Orientation accuracy: | <2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1° |
| Polishing: | as cut, one or two sides polished |
| Roughness of surface: | <0.03 µm |
| Purity: | 99.999% |
| Typical analysis (ppm): | Ag 0.8 Bi 0.1 Cd < 1 Cr < 1 Fe 0.8 Mg < 1 Pb 0.3 Si < 1 Sb < 1 Zn < 0.1 Cu balance As, Ca, In, Mn, Ni, Te, Tl, Hg are below the detection limit |
|---|
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: | (cell dimensions/pm), space group, f.c.c. (a=361.47), Fm3m |
|---|---|
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: | CuKa 52.9 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 50.9 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: | 0.7718 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 3.78 sa / barns |
| Density: | 8.96 kg/m-3 |
| Melting point: | 1083.45 °C / 1356.6 °K |
| Boiling point: | 2566.85 °C / 2840 °K |
| Molar volume: | 7.09 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 401 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | 16.5 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: | 1.6730 x 10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: | -1081 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: | 129.8 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: | 48.3 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: | 137.8 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: | 0.343 |
| Radi: | Cu2+ 72; Cu+ 96; atomic 128; covalent 117 |
| Electronegativity: | 1.90 (Pauling); 1.75 (Allred); 4.48 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: | 4.20 (Slater); 5.84 (Clementi); 8.07 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 18 |
| Isotope mass range: | 58 -> 73 |
Biological data
| Biological role: | Essential to all species. |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | |
| Toxic intake: | 85g of metal; 20 g of CuSO4 |
| Lethal intake: | 60g of CuSO4; LD50 (sulfate, oral, rat) = 300 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: | As little as 30g of CuSO4 has been known to be fatal when eaten. |
| Level in humans | |
| Blood: | 1.01 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: | 1 - 26 ppm |
| Liver: | 30 ppm |
| Muscle: | 10 ppm |
| Daily dietary intake: | 0.50 - 6 mg |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
72 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: | Many minerals are known, and aluminium is present in many other minerals | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
| Atacamite | Cu2Cl(OH)3 | 3.77 | 3 - 3.5 | orth., adam. vit. green |
| Azurite | Cu(CO3)2(OH)2 | 3.773 | 3.5 - 4 | mon., vit. blue (ornamental) |
| Bornite | Cu5FeS4 | 5.07 | 3 | tet., met. copper-red brown |
| Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)4 | 3.97 | 3.5 - 4 | mon., vit. green |
| Chalcanthite | CuSO4.5H2O | 2286 | 2.5 | tric., vit. blue |
| Chalcocite | Cu2S | 5.7 | 2.5 - 3 | hex., met. blackish-grey |
| Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 | 4.2 | 3.5 - 4 | tet., met. yellow |
| Chief ore: | chalcopyrite accounts for c. 80% of world's copper (with silver and gold as by-products), chalcanthite, brochantite. Malachite is used for polished slabs, tables and columns. |
|---|---|
| World production: | 6.54 x 106 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: | chalcopyrite in USA, Zaire, Zambia, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Russia; malachite in Russia, Zaire, Zambia, Chile, Australia; Chalcanthite in chile. |
| Reserves: | 310 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: | available as bars, foil, powder, shot, turning or wire. Safe. |
| Abundances | |
|---|---|
| Sun: | 1.15 x 104 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: | 50 ppm |
| Seawater: | |
| Atlantic surface: | 8.0 x 10-5 ppm |
| Atlantic deep: | 12 x 10-5 ppm |
| Pacific surface: | 8.0 x 10-5 ppm |
| Pacific deep: | 28 x 10-5 ppm |
| Residence time: | 3000 years |
| Classification: | recycled |
| Oxidation state: | II |
Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
Other sizes and specifications on request
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Fax: +49 (0) 2461 - 9352 - 11