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Bismuth (Bi)

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Bismuth single crystal ₈₃Bi^208.980

Known in the fifteenth century, discoverer unknown.

French: bismuth
  German: Bismut
  Italian: bismuto
  Spanish: bismuto

Description: Bismuth is a brittle metal with a silvery lustre and an pink tinge. It is stable to oxygen and water, but dissolves in concentrated HNO3. Bismuth is used in alloys, pharmaceuticals, electronics, catalysts, cosmetics and pigments. The metal expands on solidification.

Bismuth single crystal properties

State:	Single crystal
Crystal structure:	rhombohedral
Production method:	Bridgman
Standard size:	diameter 12mm thickness 1-2mm
Orientation:	(100), (110) and (111)
Orientation accuracy:	<2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1°
Polishing:	as cut, one or two sides polished
Roughness of surface:	<0.03 µm
Purity:	99.999%

Typical analysis (ppm):	C 3 H < 1 O 9 N < 5 Cu 1.60 Fe 1.80 Ni < 1 Pb 0.30 Si 0.30 Ga, Hf and Ta are below the detection limit

Further Materials properties

Crystal structure:	(cell dimensions/pm), space group, rhombohedral (a=454.950, c=1186.225), R3m
X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients:	CuKa 240 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 120 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
Neutron scattering length:	0.8533 b/10-12 cm
Thermal neutron capture cross-section:	0.034 sa / barns
Density:	9,8 g/cm-3 [293 K]; 2390 [liquid at m.p.]
Melting point:	271.35 °C / 544.5 °K
Boiling point:	1609.85±5 °C / 1883±5 °K
Molar volume:	21.44 cm3
Thermal conductivity:	7.87 [300 K] Wm-1K-1
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion:	13.4 x 10-6 K-1
Electrical resistivity:	106.8x10-8 [293 K] Wm
Mass magnetic susceptibility:	-1684 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3
Young's modulus:	34.0 GPa
Rigidity modulus:	12.8 GPa
Bulk modulus:	n.a.
Poisson's ratio:	0.33
Radi:	Bi5+ 74; Bi3+ 96; atomic 155; covalent 152; van der Waals 240
Electronegativity:	2.02 (Pauling); 1.67 (Allred); 4.69 eV (absolute)
Effective nuclear charge:	6.30 (Slater); 13.34 (Clementi); 16.90 (Froese-Fischer)
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers):	37
Isotope mass range:	189 -> 215

Biological data

Biological role:	none
Toxicity
Toxic intake:	n.a.
Lethal intake:	c. 15 g (only one case reported)
Hazards:	Bismuth is regarded as one of the less toxic heavy metals and it is commonly used as a medicine for stomach upsets. Excess bismuth can cause mild kidney damage
Level in humans
Blood:	0.016 mg dm-3
Bone:	<0.2 ppm
Liver:	0.015 - 0.33 ppm
Muscle:	0.32 ppm
Daily dietary intake:	0.005 - 0.02 mg
Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person:	<0.5 mg

Geological data

Minerals:	Native bismuth occurs naturally as metallic crystals associated with nickel, cobalt, silver, tin and uranium sulfide ores; found in Brazil, England, Norway and Canada
Mineral	Formula	Density	Hardness	Crystal apperance
Bismite	a-Bi2O3	8.64	4.4	mon., sub-adam. yellow
Bismuthinite	Bi2S3	6.78	2	orth., met. grey
Bismutite	Bi2O2(CO3)	8.15	2.5 - 3.5	tet., vit. yellow

Chief ore:	native bismuth and bismuthinite; mainly produced as a by-product from lead and copper smelters, especially in the USA
World production:	3000 tonnes/year
Main mining areas:	Bolivia, Peru, Japan, Mexico, Canada, Australia
Reserves:	n.a.
Specimen:	available as ingots, pieces, powder and shot.

Abundances
Sun:	<80 (relative to H = 1 x 1012)
Earth's crust:	0.048 ppm
Seawater:
Atlantic surface:	5.1 x 10-8 ppm
Atlantic deep:	n.a.
Pacific surface:	4 x 10-8 ppm
Pacific deep:	0.4 x 10-8 ppm
Residence time:	n.a.
Classification:	scavenged
Oxidation state:	III