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Scandium (Sc)
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Scandium 21Sc44.955
Discovered 1879 by L.F. Nilson at Uppsala, Schweden.
[Latin, Scandia = Scandinavia]
French: scandium
German: Scandium
Italian: scandio
Spanish: escandio
Description: Scandium is a soft, silvery-white metal which tarnisches in air and burns easily, once ignited. It reacts with water to form hydrogen gas. There are only a few, rather specialised, uses for scandium such as in mercury vapour lights for high intensity lighting when a sunlight effect is required.
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, |
|---|---|
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: | CuKa 184 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 21.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: | 1.23 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 27.2 sa / barns |
| Density: | 2989 kg/m-3 [273 K] |
| Melting point: | 1540.85°C / 1814°K |
| Boiling point: | 2830.85°C / 3104°K |
| Molar volume: | 15.04 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 15.04 [300 K] W m-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | 10.0 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: | 61.0 x 10-8 [295 K] Ωm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: | +8.8 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3 |
| Radi: | Sc3+ 83; atomic 161; covalent 144 |
| Electronegativity: | 1.36 (Pauling); 1.20 (Allred); 3.34 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: | 3.00 (Slater); 4.63 (Clementi); 6.06 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 15 |
| Isotope mass range: | 40 -> 51 |
Biological data
| Biological role: | None. |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | |
| Toxic intake: | n.a. |
| Lethal intake: | LD50 (chloride, oral, mouse) = 4000 mg Kg-1 |
| Hazards: | Scandium is mildly toxic by ingestion, and scandium salts are suspect of being carcinogenic. |
| Level in humans | |
| Blood: | 0.008 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: | c. 0.001 ppm |
| Liver: | 0.0004 - 0.0014 ppm |
| Muscle: | n.a. |
| Daily dietary intake: | c. 0.00005 mg |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
c. 0.2 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
| Thortveitite | (Sc,Y)2Si2O7 | 3.57 | 6 - 7 | mon., greyish-green/black |
| Chief ores: | thortveitite (rare); also present in euxenite and gadolinite; extracted from uranium mill trailings. |
|---|---|
| World production: | 0.05 tonnes/year |
| Producing areas: | Iceland, Norway, Malagasy (Madagascar) |
| Reserves: | n.a. |
| Specimen: | available as foil, powder and pieces. Care! |
| Abundances | |
|---|---|
| Sun: | 1100 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: | 16 ppm |
| Seawater | |
| Atlantic surface: | 6.1 x 10-7 ppm |
| Atlantic deep: | 8.8 x 10-7 ppm |
| Pacific surface: | 3.5 x 10-7 ppm |
| Pacific deep: | 7.9 x 10-7 ppm |
| Residence time: | 5000 years |
| Classification: | recycled |
| Oxidation state: | III |
Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
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