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Carbon (C)
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Carbon 6C12.011
Occurs naturally as graphite and diamond; known to prehistoric humans.
[Latin, carbo = charcoal]
French: carbone
German: Kohlenstoff
Italian: carbonio
Spanish: carbono
Description: Carbon occurs in three forms: graphite, diamond and buckminsterfullerene C60. It is mainly used in its amorphous forms: as coke in steel making, as carbon black in printing and as a filler, and as activated charcoal in sugar refining, water treatment and in respirators.
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, |
|---|---|
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: | CuKa 4.60 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 0.625 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: | 0.66460 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 0.0035 sa / barns |
| Density: | 3513 (diam); 2260 (graph.); 1650 (C60) kg/m-3 [293 K]; 6113.6 [liquid at m.p.] |
| Melting point: | 3546.85°C / 3820°K (diam.); 3526.85°C / 3800°K (graph.); 526.85°C / 800°K (C60.) |
| Boiling point: | 4826.85°C / 5100°K (sublimes) |
| Molar volume: | 3.42 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 990 - 2320 (diam.); 5.7;1960 (graph) [298 K] W m-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | 1.19 x 10-6 (diam.) K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: | 1 x 1011 (diam.); 1 x 10-5 (graph.); 1 x 1014 (C60) [293 K] Ωm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: | -6.3 x 10-9(graph); -6.2 x 10-9(diam.) (s) kg-1m3 |
| Radi: | C4- 260; atomic 77; covalent C-C 77; C=C 67; C≡C 60; van der Waals 185 |
| Electronegativity: | 2.55 (Pauling); 2.50 (Allred); 6.27 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: | 3.25 (Slater); 3.14 (Clementi); 2.87 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 8 |
| Isotope mass range: | 9 -> 16 |
Biological data
| Biological role: | Constituent element of DNA. |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | Non-toxic as the element, but some simple compounds can be very toxic, such as CO or cyanide CN-. |
| Toxic intake: | n.a. |
| Lethal intake: | n.a |
| Hazards: | Carbon black can be nuisance dust but is not itself dangerous, although soot may harbour carcinogenic materials. |
| Level in humans | |
| Blood: | 0.0016 - 0.075 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: | 300 000 ppm |
| Liver: | 670 000 ppm |
| Muscle: | 670 000 ppm |
| Daily dietary intake: | 300 g |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
16 kg |
Geological data
| Minerals: | Carbon is commonly found as graphite, very rarely as diamond, and only in minute traces as C60. Carbon is also found as fossile fuel deposits - see below - and as carbonates, in particular calcium/ magnesium carbonates - see limestone, dolomite etc. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
| Diamond | C | 3.51 | 10 | cub., crystalline, col./ pale tints |
| Graphite | C | 2.2 | 1 - 2 | hex., met. black sheets, sometimes crystals |
| Chief ores: | graphite |
|---|---|
| World production: | 8.6 x 109 (fossil carbon, 1996), Fossile fuel production: natural gas, 2.0 x 109;oil, 3.3 x 109; coal, 2.3 x 109 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: | graphite deposits: Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Russia, South Korea, Mexico, Czech Republic, Italy. Diamonds: South Africa, USA, Russia, Brazil, Zaire, Sierra Leone, Ghana |
| Reserves: | natural gas,127 x 109; oil, 140 x 109; coal, 1000 x 109 tonnes; tar sands, n.a. but large |
| Specimen: | available as amorphous, fullerenes, bucky tubes, diamond, graphite and soot. Safe. |
| Abundances | |
|---|---|
| Sun: | 4.17 x 108 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: | 480 ppm |
| Atmosphere: | (volume) c. 350 ppm (CO2) |
| Seawater | |
| Atlantic surface: | 23 ppm |
| Atlantic deep: | 26 ppm |
| Pacific surface: | 23 ppm |
| Pacific deep: | 28 ppm |
| Residence time: | 800 000 years |
| Classification: | recycled |
| Oxidation state: | IV |
Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
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