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Iodine (I)
We are a leading manufacturer and supplier of research materials
Iodine 53I126.904
Discovered 1811 by B. Courtois at Dijon, France.
[Greek, iodes = violet]
French: iode
German: Iod
Italian: iodio
Spanish: yodo
Description: Iodine is a black, shiny, non-metallic solid (I2) which sublimes easily on heating to give a purple vapour. It is used as a disinfectant, in pharmaceuticals, food supplements, dyes, catalysts and photography.
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, |
|---|---|
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: | CuKa 294 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 37.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: | 0.528 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 6.2 sa / barns |
| Density: | 4930 kg/m-3 [293 K]; 6113.6 [liquid at m.p.] |
| Melting point: | 113.55°C / 386.7°K |
| Boiling point: | 184.35°C / 457.50°K |
| Molar volume: | 27.74 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 0.449 [300 K] W m-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | n.a. |
| Electrical resistivity: | 1.37 x 10-7 [293 K] Ωm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: | -4.40 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
| Radi: | I- 196; covalent 133; van der Waals 215 |
| Electronegativity: | 2.66 (Pauling); 2.21 (Allred); 6.76 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: | 7.60 (Slater); 11.61 (Clementi); 14.59 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 37 |
| Isotope mass range: | 110-> 140 |
Biological data
| Biological role: | Most iodine exists in nature as iodide ions, I-, the form in which it is taken into our bodies. Iodine is essential to many species, including humans. |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | |
| Toxic intake: | 2 mg as I2. Iodides are similar in toxicity to bromides. |
| Lethal intake: | human, oral = 2g as I2. LD50 (NaI, oral, rat) = 14 000 mg Kg-1 |
| Hazards: | Iodine in its elemental form, I2, is toxic, and its vapour irritates the eyes and lungs. The maximum allowable concentration when working with iodine is 1 mg m-3 in air. |
| Level in humans | |
| Blood: | 0.057 ppm |
| Bone: | 0.27 ppm |
| Liver: | 0.7 ppm |
| Muscle: | 0.05 - 0.5 ppm |
| Daily dietary intake: | 0.1 - 0.2 mg |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
12 - 20 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: | Minerals are very rare. Iodine cycles through the environment, and rain water contains about 0.7 p.p.b. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
| Iodargyrite | β-AgI | 5.69 | 1.5 | hex., res./adam. colourless |
| Lautarite | Ca(IO3)2 | 4.519 | 3.5 - 4 | mon., col./yellow, transparent |
| Chief sources: | from brines, which may have 50 ppm of iodide, and the Chilean nitrate deposits which contain up to 0.3% calcium iodate. Some iodine is also extracted from seaweed |
|---|---|
| World production: | 12 000 (elemental iodine) tonnes/year |
| Producing areas: | Chile, Japan |
| Reserves: | 2.6 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: | available as crystals. Warning! |
| Abundances | |
|---|---|
| Sun: | n.a. (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: | 0.14 ppm |
| Seawater | |
| Atlantic surface: | 0.0489 ppm |
| Atlantic deep: | 0.056 ppm |
| Pacific surface: | 0.043 ppm |
| Pacific deep: | 0.058 ppm |
| Residence time: | 300 000 years |
| Classification: | scavenged as I(-I), recycled as I(V) |
| Oxidation state: | -I and V, mainly V |
Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)
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