Iodine (I)

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Iodine 53I126.904


Discovered 1811 by B. Courtois at Dijon, France.

[Greek, iodes = violet]

French: iode
German: Iod
Italian: iodio
Spanish: yodo


Description: Iodine is a black, shiny, non-metallic solid (I2) which sublimes easily on heating to give a purple vapour. It is used as a disinfectant, in pharmaceuticals, food supplements, dyes, catalysts and photography.

  


Further Materials properties

 

Crystal structure:

(cell dimensions/pm), space group, 
orthorhombic (a=726.47, b=478.57, c=979.08), Cmca

X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: CuKa 294 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 37.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
Neutron scattering length: 0.528 b/10-12 cm
Thermal neutron capture cross-section: 6.2 sa / barns
Density: 4930 kg/m-3 [293 K]; 6113.6 [liquid at m.p.]
Melting point: 113.55°C / 386.7°K
Boiling point: 184.35°C / 457.50°K
Molar volume: 27.74 cm3
Thermal conductivity: 0.449 [300 K] W m-1K-1
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: n.a.
Electrical resistivity: 1.37 x 10-7 [293 K] Ωm
Mass magnetic susceptibility: -4.40 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3
Radi: I- 196; covalent 133; van der Waals 215
Electronegativity: 2.66 (Pauling); 2.21 (Allred); 6.76 eV (absolute)
Effective nuclear charge: 7.60 (Slater); 11.61 (Clementi); 14.59 (Froese-Fischer)
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): 37
Isotope mass range: 110-> 140

 

 


Biological data

 

Biological role: Most iodine exists in nature as iodide ions, I-, the form in which it is taken into our bodies. Iodine is essential to many species, including humans.
Toxicity
Toxic intake: 2 mg as I2. Iodides are similar in toxicity to bromides.
Lethal intake: human, oral = 2g as I2. LD50 (NaI, oral, rat) = 14 000 mg Kg-1
Hazards: Iodine in its elemental form, I2, is toxic, and its vapour irritates the eyes and lungs. The maximum allowable concentration when working with iodine is 1 mg m-3 in air.
Level in humans
Blood: 0.057 ppm
Bone: 0.27 ppm
Liver: 0.7 ppm
Muscle: 0.05 - 0.5 ppm
Daily dietary intake: 0.1 - 0.2 mg
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person:
12 - 20 mg

 

Geological data

 

Minerals:Minerals are very rare. Iodine cycles through the environment, and rain water contains about 0.7 p.p.b.
MineralFormulaDensityHardnessCrystal apperance
Iodargyrite  β-AgI 5.69  1.5  hex., res./adam. colourless
Lautarite Ca(IO3)2 4.519 3.5 - 4  mon., col./yellow, transparent

Chief sources: from brines, which may have 50 ppm of iodide, and the Chilean nitrate deposits which contain up to 0.3% calcium iodate. Some iodine is also extracted from seaweed
World production: 12 000 (elemental iodine) tonnes/year
Producing areas: Chile, Japan
Reserves: 2.6 x 106 tonnes
Specimen: available as crystals. Warning!

 

Abundances  
Sun: n.a. (relative to H = 1 x 1012)
Earth's crust: 0.14 ppm
Seawater
Atlantic surface: 0.0489 ppm
Atlantic deep: 0.056 ppm
Pacific surface: 0.043 ppm
Pacific deep: 0.058 ppm
Residence time: 300 000 years
Classification: scavenged as I(-I), recycled as I(V)
Oxidation state: -I and V, mainly V

  Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)

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