Ruthenium (Ru)

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Ruthenium 44Ru101.07

1808 von J.A. Sniadecki an der Universität von Vilno, Polen, entdeckt. 1828 wiederentdeckt von G.W. Osann an der Universität von Tartu, Rußland.

[Lateinisch, Ruthenia = Rußland]

French: ruthénium
English: ruthenium
Italian: rutenio
Spanish: rutenio


Beschreibung: Glänzendes, silberfarbiges Metall der Platingruppe. Wird nicht von Luft, Wasser und Säuren angegriffen, löst sich aber in geschmolzenen Alkalien. Verwendet zum Härten von Pt und Pd und als Katalysator.

 

Ruthenium single crystal properties

State: single crystal
Crystal structure: hexagonal
Production method: Floating zone
Standard size: diameter 6-8mm
thickness 1-2mm
Orientation: (0001), (+1-100) and (11-20)
Orientation accuracy: <2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1°
Polishing: as cut, one or two sides polished
Roughness of surface: <0.03µm
Purity: 99.99%
Typical analysis (ppm): C 3
H < 1
O 9
N < 5
Cu 1.60
Fe 1.80
Ni < 1
Pb 0.30
Si 0.30

 
Ga, Hf and Ta are below the detection limit
 

Materials properties

Density: 12.2 g/cm3
Melting point: 2309.85 °C / 2583 °K
Boiling point: 3899.85 °C / 4173 °K
Molar volume: 8.14 cm3
Thermal conductivity: 117 [300 K] Wm-1K-1
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: 9.1 x 10-6 K-1
Electrical resistivity: 7.6x 10-8 [273 K] Wm
Mass magnetic susceptibility: +5.37 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3
Young's modulus: 432 GPa
Rigidity modulus: 173 GPa
Bulk modulus: 286 GPa
Poisson's ratio: 0.25 GPa
Radii: Ru5+ 54; Ru4+ 65; Ru3+ 77; atomic 134; covalent 12
Electronegativity: 2.2 (Pauling); 1.42 (Allred); 4.5 eV (absolute)
Effective nuclear charge: 3.75 (Slater); 7.45 (Clementi); 10.57 (Froese-Fischer)
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): 20
Issotope mass range: 92 -> 110
Crystal structure, (cell dimentions / pm), space group hexagonal
X-ray diffraction: mass absorption coefficients: CuKα 183 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKα 21.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
Neutron scattering length: 0.721 b/10-12 cm
Thermal neutron capture cross-section: 2.56 sa / barns

 

Biological data

Biological role: none
Toxicity  
Toxic intake: most ruthenium compunds are poisonous
Lethal intake: LD50 (RuO2, oral, rat)= 4580 mg kg-1
Hazards: Ingested ruthenium is retained in the bones for a long time. The volatile oxide, RuO4 is highly toxic by inhalation.
Level in humans  
Blood:  
Bone:  
Liver:  
Muscle:  
Daily dietary intake: n.a
Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: n.a.

 

Geological data

MineralFormulaDensityHardnessCrystal apperance
Ruthenarsenite (Ru, Ni) As 10 6 orth., met. orange-brown
Ruthenium Ru 12.2 6.5 hex., met. white

 

Chief ore: from the wastes of nickel refining.
World production: 0.12 tonnes/year
Main mining areas: South Africa, Russia, Canada, USA and Zimbabwe
Reserves: n.a.
Specimen: available as powder or sponge. WARNING !

 

Abundances  
Sun: 67.6 (relative to H = 1 x 1012)
Earth's crust: c. 0.001 p.p.m.
Seawater:  
Residence time:  
Classification:  
Oxidation state:  

Übersicht der Elemente mit Zugang zu unserem Shop

1 18
H
 2 13 14 15 16 17
He
Li Be B C
N
O
F
Ne
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S
Cl
Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
Br
Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo
Tc
 Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
Po
At
Ra
Fr
Ra
Ac
Ce Pr Nd
Pm
 Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu


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