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Bekannt seit dem 15. Jahrhundert, Entdecker unbekannt.
[German: bisemutum]
French: bismuth
English: bismuth
Italian: bismuto
Spanish: bismuto
Beschreibung: Sprödes Metall, silberglänzend mit rosa Tönung. Gegen Sauerstoff und Wasser beständig. Löst sich in konzentrierter Salpetersäure. Basisches Oxid. Verwendet für Legierungen, Pharmazeutika, Katalysatoren, Pigmente, Kosmetika und für elektronische Produkte.
State: | Single crystal |
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Crystal structure: | rhombohedral |
Production method: | Bridgman |
Standard size: | diameter 12mm thickness 1-2mm |
Orientation: | (100), (110) and (111) |
Orientation accuracy: | <2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1° |
Polishing: | as cut, one or two sides polished |
Roughness of surface: | <0.03 µm |
Purity: | 99.999% |
Typical analysis (ppm): | C 3 H < 1 O 9 N < 5 Cu 1.60 Fe 1.80 Ni < 1 Pb 0.30 Si 0.30 Ga, Hf and Ta are below the detection limit |
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Crystal structure: | (cell dimensions/pm), space group, rhombohedral (a=454.950, c=1186.225), R3m |
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X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: | CuKa 240 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 120 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
Neutron scattering length: | 0.8533 b/10-12 cm |
Thermal neutron capture cross-section: | 0.034 sa / barns |
Density: | 9,8 g/cm-3 [293 K]; 2390 [liquid at m.p.] |
Melting point: | 271.35 °C / 544.5 °K |
Boiling point: | 1609.85±5 °C / 1883±5 °K |
Molar volume: | 21.44 cm3 |
Thermal conductivity: | 7.87 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: | 13.4 x 10-6 K-1 |
Electrical resistivity: | 106.8x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
Mass magnetic susceptibility: | -1684 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
Young's modulus: | 34.0 GPa |
Rigidity modulus: | 12.8 GPa |
Bulk modulus: | n.a. |
Poisson's ratio: | 0.33 GPa |
Radi: | Bi5+ 74; Bi3+ 96; atomic 155; covalent 152; van der Waals 240 |
Electronegativity: | 2.02 (Pauling); 1.67 (Allred); 4.69 eV (absolute) |
Effective nuclear charge: | 6.30 (Slater); 13.34 (Clementi); 16.90 (Froese-Fischer) |
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): | 37 |
Isotope mass range: | 189 -> 215 |
Biological role: | none |
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Toxicity | |
Toxic intake: | n.a. |
Lethal intake: | c. 15 g (only one case reported) |
Hazards: | Bismuth is regarded as one of the less toxic heavy metals and it is commonly used as a medicine for stomach upsets. Excess bismuth can cause mild kidney damage |
Level in humans | |
Blood: | 0.016 mg dm-3 |
Bone: | <0.2 ppm |
Liver: | 0.015 - 0.33 ppm |
Muscle: | 0.32 ppm |
Daily dietary intake: | 0.005 - 0.02 mg |
Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
<0.5 mg |
Minerals: | Native bismuth occurs naturally as metallic crystals associated with nickel, cobalt, silver, tin and uranium sulfide ores; found in Brazil, England, Norway and Canada | |||
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Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
Bismite | a-Bi2O3 | 8.64 | 4.4 | mon., sub-adam. yellow |
Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 | 6.78 | 2 | orth., met. grey |
Bismutite | Bi2O2(CO3) | 8.15 | 2.5 - 3.5 | tet., vit. yellow |
Chief ore: | native bismuth and bismuthinite; mainly produced as a by-product from lead and copper smelters, especially in the USA |
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World production: | 3000 tonnes/year |
Main mining areas: | Bolivia, Peru, Japan, Mexico, Canada, Australia |
Reserves: | n.a. |
Specimen: | available as ingots, pieces, powder and shot. |
Abundances | |
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Sun: | <80 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
Earth's crust: | 0.048 ppm |
Seawater: | |
Atlantic surface: | 5.1 x 10-8 ppm |
Atlantic deep: | n.a. |
Pacific surface: | 4 x 10-8 ppm |
Pacific deep: | 0.4 x 10-8 ppm |
Residence time: | n.a. |
Classification: | scavenged |
Oxidation state: | III |
Other sizes and specifications on request