Nickel 28Ni58.71
1751 von A.F. Cronstedt in Stockholm, Schweden, entdeckt.
[Kommt von Kupfer-Nickel und bedeutet entweder Teufels-Kupfer oder St. Nikolaus-Kupfer]
French: nickel
English: nickel
Italian: nichel
Spanish: niquel
Beschreibung: Silberweißes Metall, glänzend, verformbar und duktil. Korrodiert nicht, ist löslich in Säuren, außer konzentrierter HNO3, wird nicht von Alkalien angegriffen. Verwendung: Legierungen, Münzen, Katalysatoren, Elektroplattierung von Metallen.
Nickel single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
fcc |
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| Production method: |
Czochralski |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 10-20mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.4° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.99% |
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| Typical analysis (ppm): |
C 3
H < 1
O 9
N < 5
Cu 1.60
Fe 1.80
Ni < 1
Pb 0.30
Si 0.30
Ga, Hf and Ta are below the detection limit
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Materials properties
| Density: |
8.9 g/cm3 |
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| Melting point: |
1452.85 °C / 1726 °K |
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| Boiling point: |
2731.85 °C / 3005 °K |
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| Molar volume: |
6.59 cm3 |
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| Thermal conductivity: |
90.7 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
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| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
13.3 x 10-6 K-1 |
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| Electrical resistivity: |
6.84x 10-8 [293 K] Wm |
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| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
ferromagnetic |
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| Young's modulus: |
199.5 GPa |
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| Rigidity modulus: |
76.0 GPa |
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| Bulk modulus: |
177.3 GPa |
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| Poisson's ratio: |
0.312 GPa |
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| Radii: |
Ni3+ 62; Ni2+ 78; atomic 125; covalent 115 |
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| Electronegativity: |
1.91 (Pauling); 1.75 (Allred); 4.40 eV (absolute) |
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| Effective nuclear charge: |
4.05 (Slater); 5.71 (Clementi); 7.86 (Froese-Fischer) |
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| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
14 |
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| Issotope mass range: |
53 -> 67 |
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| Crystal structure, (cell dimentions / pm), space group |
fcc |
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| X-ray diffraction: mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKα 45.7 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKα 46.6 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
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| Neutron scattering length: |
1.03 b/10-12 cm |
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| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
4.49 sa / barns |
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Biological data
| Biological role: |
Essential to some species, and can act to stimulate metabolism. |
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| Toxicity |
|
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| Toxic intake: |
1 - 3 mg kg-1 |
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| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (acetate, oral, rat)= 350 mg kg-1 |
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| Hazards: |
Nickel and many of its compounds are poisonous, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Nickel carbonyl is extremely tzoxic. |
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| Level in humans |
|
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| Blood: |
0.01 - 0.05 mg dm-3 |
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| Bone: |
<0.7 p.p.m. |
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| Liver: |
0.02 - 1.8 p.p.m. |
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| Muscle: |
1 - 2 p.p.m. |
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| Daily dietary intake: |
0.3 - 0.5 mg |
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| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
< 15 mg |
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Geological data
| Mineral | Formula | Density | Hardness | Crystal apperance |
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| Garnierite |
(Ni, Mg)6Si4O10(OH)8 |
2.3 - 2.5 |
2 - 4 |
mon., aggregates, bright green |
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| Nickeline |
b-NiS |
5.27 |
3 - 3.5 |
hex., met. copper-red |
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| Pentlandite |
(Ni, Fe)9S8 |
4.8 |
3.5 - 4 |
cub., met., bronze-yellow |
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| Chief ore: |
garnierite, pentlandite (nickeline is rare but was the first mineral from which nickel was extracted |
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| World production: |
510 000 tonnes/year |
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| Main mining areas: |
garnierite in Russia, South Africa, USA; pentlandite in Cananda, South Africa |
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| Reserves: |
70 x 106 tonnes |
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| Specimen: |
available as foil, powder, rod, slugs, spheres and wire. Safe. |
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| Abundances |
|
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| Sun: |
1.91 x 106 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
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| Earth's crust: |
c. 80 p.p.m. |
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| Seawater: |
|
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| Residence time: |
|
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| Classification: |
recycled |
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| Oxidation state: |
II |
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English
