Gallium (Ga)

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Gallium 31Ga69.723


1875 von Paul-Êmile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in Paris, Frankreich, entdeckt.

[Lateinisch, Gallia = Frankreich]

French: gallium
English: gallium
Italian: gallio
Spanish: galio


Beschreibung: Weiches, silberweißes Metall, beständig in Luft und Wasser. Löslich in Säuren und Basen. Hat den größten Flüssigkeitsbereich aller Elemente. Verbindungen mit Phosphor, Arsen und Antimon sind Halbleiter. Verwendet für Licht emittierende Dioden; Mikrowellengeräte.

  


Further Materials properties

 

Crystal structure:

(cell dimensions/pm), space group, 
a-Ga orthorhombic (a=451.86, b=765.70, c=452.58), Cmca
β-Ga orthorhombic (a=290, b=813, c=317), Cmcm (metastable form)
γ-Ga orthorhombic (a=1060, b=1356, c=519), Cmc21
T(γ -> a) = 238 K
High pressure form: (a=279, c=438), I4/mmm

X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: CuKa 67.9 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 60.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
Neutron scattering length: 0.7288 b/10-12 cm
Thermal neutron capture cross-section: 2.9 sa / barns
Density: 5907 kg/m-3 [293 K]; 6113.6 [liquid at m.p.]
Melting point: 29.78°C / 302.93°K
Boiling point: 2402.85°C / 2676°K
Molar volume: 11.81 cm3
Thermal conductivity: 40.6 [300 K] W m-1K-1
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: 11.5 x 10-6 (a axis); 31.5 x 10-6 (b axis); 16.5 x 10-6 (c axis) K-1
Electrical resistivity: 27 x 10-8 [273 K] Ωm
Mass magnetic susceptibility: -3.9 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3
Young's modulus: 9.81 GPa
Rigidity modulus: 6.67 GPa
Bulk modulus: n.a.
Poisson's ratio: 0.47 GPa
Radi: Ga3+ 62; Ga+ 113; atomic 122; covalent 125
Electronegativity: 1.81 (Pauling); 1.82 (Allred); ≤3.2 eV (absolute)
Effective nuclear charge: 5.00 (Slater); 6.22 (Clementi); 6.72 (Froese-Fischer)
Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): 23
Isotope mass range: 62-> 83

 

 


Biological data

 

Biological role: None, but gallium acts to stimulate metabolism.
Toxicity
Toxic intake: < 15 mg kg-1 tolerated without apparent harm
Lethal intake: LD50 (chloride, injection, rat) = 47 mg Kg-1
Hazards: Gallium salts generally have low toxicity.
Level in humans
Blood: <0.08 ppm
Bone: n.a.
Liver: 0.0025 ppm
Muscle: 0.0014 ppm
Daily dietary intake: n.a. but low 
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person:
< 0.7 mg

 

Geological data

 

Minerals:Gallium minerals are rare, but gallium occurs in other ores to the extent of 1%.
MineralFormulaDensityHardnessCrystal apperance
Gallite  CuGaS2  4.40 (calc.)  3 - 3.5  tet., met. grey

The ores diaspore, sphalerite, germanite and bauxite contain traces of gallium. Coal can also have a high gallium content.

Chief ores: Gallium is recovered as a by-product of zinc and copper refining
World production: 30 tonnes/year
Main mining areas: see copper and zinc.
Reserves: n. a.
Specimen: available as ingot, and as ultrapure gallium. Safe.

 

Abundances  
Sun: 631 (relative to H = 1 x 1012)
Earth's crust: 18 ppm
Seawater 3 x 10-5 ppm
Residence time: 10 000 years
Classification: n.a.
Oxidation state: III

  Source: Emsley, J. (1998) The Elements (3rd Edition)

Other sizes and specifications on request


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